The Origin of the Latin Fifth Declension

Авторы

  • Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak University of Lodz, Faculty of Philology, Chair of Classical Philology, Department of Latin Studies and Linguistics, 171/173, ul. Pomorska, Łódź, 90–236, Polska — Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2021.208

Аннотация

The goal of the article is to review Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk’s recent works (2016; 2017; 2017 [bis]; 2019) on the origin of the Latin fifth declension, as well as to demonstrate the correctness of the dual explanation (Witczak 2015) not discussed or even mentioned by Piwowarczyk. The author is convinced that Latin, like other Indo-European languages, once had a separate dual number which disappeared in the pre-literary period. The loss of the dual number disturbed the declension system existing at the time and caused the need for the creation of a new declension class (the fifth declension). The laryngeal phoneme *h1 formed the basic dual ending in the Indo-European languages. Proto-Indo-European animate nouns of consonant stems created a strong form in the dual number, demonstrating the ending *-eh1 (hence IE. *-ē and Latin *-ē-), whereas inanimate nouns had a weak form (PIE. *-ih1, hence Lat. -ī in vīgintī ‘twenty’ and the oblique stem *-iē-, attested in Lat. aciēs, māteriēs etc.). Proto-Latin dual forms ending in *-ē (< PIE. *-eh1) referring to animate nouns, as well as dual forms ending in *-ī (< PIE. *-ih1) referring to inanimate nouns, underwent the process of collectivization and singularization: most of them gained the status of typical singularia tantum and then formed a separate class of nouns which had -ē- as the common feature. It is finally suggested that a large group of originally dual nouns (especially the so- called dualia tantum) formed the Latin fifth declension.

Ключевые слова:

dual number, dualia tantum, etymology, fifth Latin declension, Indo-European languages, Latin morphology, singularia tantum

Скачивания

Данные скачивания пока недоступны.
 

Библиографические ссылки

Adams D. Q. The Dual in Indo-European and Tocharian. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 1991, 5, 11–44.

Beekes R. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden — Boston, Brill, 2010.

Beekes R. S. P. The Origins of the Indo-European Nominal Inflection. Innsbruck, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1985.

Beekes R. S. P. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. An Introduction. Revised and corrected by M. de Vaan. Amsterdam — Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011.

Blažek V. Numerals. Comparative-Etymological Analysis of Numeral Systems and Their Implications. Brno, Masarykova Univerzita v Brně, 1999.

Buck, C. D. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. London, Bristol Classical Press, 2009 (first edition: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1933).

Clackson J. Indo-European Linguistics. An Introduction. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Dostal A. Vývoj du lu v slovanských jazyc ch, zvl ště v polštině. Praha, Nakladatelství Československé Akademie Věd, 1954.

Fero B. Studi sul duale in miceneo, nella poesia omerica e nel teatro attico del V secolo. Variazioni morfologiche, dialettali, stilistiche. Bologna, Università di Bologna, 2013.

Fritz M. Der Dual im Indogermanischen. Genealogischer und typologischer Vergleich einer grammatischen Kategorie im Wandel. Heidelberg, Winter, 2011.

Habrajska G., Rychło M., Witczak K. T. Collective Nouns Denoting Trees in the Scandinavian Languages. Scandinavian Philology 2020, 18 (2), 261–283.

Hierche H. L’emploi du duel dans les formules homériques. Lyon, Institut d’études indo-européennes de l’Université Jean Moulin, 1987.

Klingenschmitt G. Die lateinische Nominalflexion, in: O. Panagl, T. Krisch (eds.) Latein und Indogermanisch. Innsbruck, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1992, 89–135.

Kloekhorst A. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden — Boston, Brill, 2008.

Kortlandt F. A Note on the Tocharian Dual. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 1991, 5, 5–10.

Leumann M. Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre. München, Beck, 1977.

Malzahn M. Der nominale Dual im Ṛgveda. Wien, Universität Wien, 1999.

Malzahn M. Toch. B ñaktene “Gotterpaar” und Verwandtes. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 2000, 9, 45–52.

Mańczak W. Proto-indo-européen *ambhō(u), *ambhi, in: L. Isebaert (ed.) Studia etymologica Indoeuropaea memoriae A. J. van Windekens dicata. Leuven, Peeters, 1991, 179–186.

Matasović R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden — Boston, Brill, 2008.

Mayrhofer M. Indogermanische Grammatik, vol. 1, 2. Heidelberg, Carl Winter, 1986.

Meier-Brügger M. Indogermanische Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin — New York, Walter de Gruyter, 2000.

Meiser G. Historische Laut- und Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache. Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2010.

Pedersen H. La cinquième déclinaison latine. Copenhagen, Høst, 1926.

Pinault G.-J. Analyse de latin caesaries, in: B. Bureau, C. Nicolas (eds.) Moussyllanea. Mélanges de linguistique et de littérature anciennes offerts à Claude Moussy. Louvain — Paris, Peeters, 1998, 15–30.

Piwowarczyk D. R. The Story of Caesar revisited. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 2013, 18, 105–110.

Piwowarczyk D. R. The Origin of the Latin -iēs/-ia inflection. Historische Sprachforschung 2016, 129 (1), 108–123.

Piwowarczyk D. R. The Magnificent Five — the Latin Fifth declension revisited, in: M. Németh, B. Podolak, M. Urban (eds) Essays in the History of Language and Linguistics dedicated to Marek Stachowski on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Kraków, Księgarnia Akademicka, 2017, 511–523.

Piwowarczyk D. R. The Latin Fifth Declension and the Baltic -ē-stem. Baltistica 2017, 52 (2), 247–263. [bis]

Piwowarczyk D. R. The Latin -iēs/-iā Inflection — Synchronic Evidence and Diachronic Origin. Kraków, Jagellonian University Press, 2019.

Pokorny J. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern — München, Francke Verlag, 1959.

Pultrová L. The Latin Deverbative Nouns and Adjectives. Prague, Karolinum Press, 2011.

Rieken E. Der Wechsel -a-/-i- in der Stammbildung des hethitischen Nomens. Historische Sprachforschung 1994, 107 (1), 42–53.

Rieken E. Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999.

Schrijver P. The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin. Amsterdam — Atlanta, Rodopi, 1991.

Sihler A. L. New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. New York — Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995.

Stang C. Vergleichende Grammatik der baltischen Sprachen. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1966.

Tjasa J. The Dual in Slovene Dialects. Bochum, Universitätsverlag Brockmeyer, 2008.

Untermann J. Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen. Heidelberg, Winter, 2000.

de Vaan M. Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages. Leiden — Boston, Brill, 2008.

Wackernagel J. Altindische Grammatik, vol. 2, 1. Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1957.

Weiss M. Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin. Ann Arbor — New York, Beech Stave Press, 2009.

Weiss M. Cosmologia Italica, in: A. Ancillotti, A. Calderini, R. Massarelli (eds.) Forme e strutture della religione nell’Italia mediana antica / Forms and Structures of Religion in Ancient Italy. III Convegno Internazionale dell’Istituto di Ricerche e Documentazione sugli Antichi Umbri. 21–25 settembre 2011. Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2017, 661–667.

Witczak K. T. Dioscuri in the Mycenaean Times. Do-so-mo 2011, 9, 57–68.

Witczak K. T. Konsekwencje zaniku liczby podw jnej w języku łacińskim. Głos w sprawie dualnej genezy piątej deklinacji łacińskiej. Roczniki Humanistyczne 2015, 53 (6), 101–120.

Witczak K. T. Gaulish suiorebe ‘with two sisters’. Lingua Posnaniensis 2015, 57 (2), 59–62. [bis]

Witczak K. T. Nierozpoznane collectivum w językach tocharskich: toch. A pratri ‘bracia’. Roczniki Humanistyczne 2016, 64 (9), 119–133.

Witczak K. T. Pozostałości liczby podw jnej w języku łacińskim epoki archaicznej. Roczniki Humanistyczne 2017, 65 (3), 37–58.

Witczak K. T. Łacińskie lōrum w świetle etymologii. LingVaria 2017, 12 (2), 185–196. [bis]

Witczak K. T. O kilku możliwych śladach duale tantum w językach indoeuropejskich. LingVaria 2018, 13 (2), 47–58.

Witczak K. T. Liczba podwójna w archaicznej poezji rzymskiej. Roczniki Humanistyczne 2019, 67 (3), 107–123.

Witczak K. T. Rodilniške oblike na -erum in -us v arhaični latinščini. Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 2021, 23 (1), 5–18.

Загрузки

Опубликован

30.12.2021

Как цитировать

Witczak, K. T. (2021). The Origin of the Latin Fifth Declension. Philologia Classica, 16(2), 262–276. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2021.208

Выпуск

Том 16 № 2 (2021)

Раздел

Orbis Romanus

Лицензия

Статьи журнала «Philologia Classica» находятся в открытом доступе и распространяются в соответствии с условиями Лицензионного Договора с Санкт-Петербургским государственным университетом, который бесплатно предоставляет авторам неограниченное распространение и самостоятельное архивирование.

Наиболее читаемые статьи этого автора (авторов)